White Book-Model Contract for the Provision of Services between the Purchaser and the Consultant 2nd Edition (2017) bilingual-in Serbian / English

The terms of the Client/Consultant Model Services Agreement (the White Book) have been prepared by the Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseils (FIDIC). The Agreement is suitable for general use for the purposes of pre-investment and feasibility studies, detail design, and administration of construction and project management, both for Employer-led design teams and for Contractor-led design teams on design and build commissions. The Agreement is suitable for international projects but can equally be used on domestic projects. The version in English is considered by FIDIC as the official and authentic text for the purpose of translation.

In the preparation it was recognised that whilst there are numerous clauses which will be generally applicable there are some provisions which must necessarily vary to take account of the circumstances and locality in which the Services are to be performed. The clauses of general application are under General Conditions. They are intended for incorporation as printed in the
documents comprising the Agreement. The General Conditions are linked with the Particular Conditions by the corresponding numbering of the clauses so that the General Conditions and Particular Conditions together comprise the conditions governing the rights and obligations of the parties. The Particular Conditions must be specially drafted to suit each individual Agreement and type of Service. References to the General Conditions are in Part A whilst any amendments to the General Conditions or additional clauses are in Part B. These pages must be completed for incorporation into the Agreement. FIDIC intends to publish an updated “White Book Guide” which will include comment on the clauses in the White Book and guidance on completion of the Appendices. Compilers of the White Book in the meantime can refer to various other FIDIC publications available in the Bookshop of FIDIC’s website at www.fidic.org. Compilers of scope of work in Appendix 1 may wish to consult the FIDIC Definition of Services guide.

This Fifth Edition of the White Book has enhanced the duty of care obligations placed on the
Consultant. The approach taken by the Task Group and FIDIC Contracts Committee (CC) on this
matter is illustrated below:
Consultant’s Obligations for the Services.
The Terms of Reference laid down by the FIDIC CC for updating the White Book required the Task
Group to consider, amongst many other matters, the issue of the professional’s duty of care to
the client for the services rendered. In this endeavour the Task Group considered the following,
without limitation:
– up to date practice worldwide in drafting consultancy agreements
– a fair balance of risk between the Client and the Consultant
– the professional’s obligation in respect to due skill and care and fitness for purpose
– available insurance
The Task Group recognised considerable pressure from some parts of the industry to enhance
the obligations placed on the Consultant to ensure that the professional services and deliverables
would be fit for purpose. The problem confronting the Task Group is that there is no common
understanding of due skill and care or fitness for purpose either between clients and consultants
or between legal advisors in various jurisdictions notwithstanding the wide usage of such terms.

In looking at this problem the Task Group accepted that the Client is entitled to expect that the
professional services will be completed correctly and that all the specific contractual

requirements will be met, and that if they are not correct, or any requirement has not been
fulfilled, then the Client should be entitled to appropriate redress against the Consultant. This
approach assumes that the Consultant is fully experienced and competent in the delivery of the
relevant services and accordingly an appropriate stipulation has been added to the new White
Book.
In assessing a fair balance of risk between the Client and the Consultant the Task Group
considered the position where the services were rendered defective or inadequate for reasons
beyond the Consultant’s control or knowledge.

It is well known in the industry that Consultant’s cover their liability under contract by taking out
professional indemnity insurance. The Task Group, and the FIDIC CC, is satisfied that professional
indemnity insurance policies do not cover liability for defective or inadequate services without
evidence of fault or breach on the part of the Consultant. Such insurance only covers liability
where there is a failure on the part of the Consultant to use reasonable skill and care to be
expected from an experienced consultant.
The Task Group also examined whether the normal obligation placed on Consultants to use
reasonable skill and care in delivering the services was an industry standard. The Task Group
examined over 20 standard forms of appointment for consultants worldwide and noted that
none of these forms of appointment required professional services to be fit for purpose or
imposed strict liability for defects. The standard, whether expressed or implied, was reasonable
skill and care. Accordingly, the Task Group determined that it was not a fair or reasonable
balance of risk to make the Consultant strictly liable for the outcome of the professional services
in situations where there was no evidence of fault or breach on its behalf.
The Task Group noted that in certain civil law jurisdictions strict liability for defective services was
imposed on the Consultant – in some jurisdictions relief was available for matters that were not
within the Consultant’s control whereas in others no relief was available. The Task Group
acknowledged, that in a limited number of countries, provision of insurance to cover strict
liability was a mandatory obligation placed on the insurance market, however this approach is
not followed generally and cannot be taken to reflect the international position. The Task Group
and FIDIC CC determined therefore that the appropriate standard of care to be imposed on a
Consultant was that of reasonable skill and care to be expected from an experienced consultant.
The Fifth Edition has enhanced the Consultant’s obligation to the reasonable skill and care to be
expected from a consultant experienced in the provision of services for projects of similar size
and complexity and further, but without extending this obligation, the services must satisfy the
function and purpose described in the Agreement. This obligation will not make the Consultant
liable for defective or inadequate services arising out of unforeseeable or uncontrollable events
and therefore, the obligation should be fully insured under any professional indemnity insurance
policy. This is to the benefit of both the Client and the Consultant and represents the correct
balance of risk between the two parties.